Nootropics
Evidence: animal_plus_anecdotal
Enhances high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) via a unique mechanism distinct from other racetams — it increases HACU even in damaged cholinergic neurons, suggesting a choline uptake enhancement rather than mere stimulation. This HACU enhancement persists even after the compound has been cleared, indicating a lasting modification of choline transporter activity. Also shows affinity for AMPA receptors.
Standard: 20-80 mg/day divided into 2-3 doses
Maintenance: 20-40 mg/day
Administration: oralsublingual
Timing: Morning and early afternoon. Sublingual administration may provide faster onset. With or without food.
Duration: Cycles of 4-8 weeks on, 2-4 weeks off
Originally developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma for Alzheimer's but shelved after Phase 2a trials showed insufficient efficacy. Users consistently report enhanced color vision and visual clarity — a unique effect among racetams. Evidence base is thin (mostly animal studies and Phase 2 trial data). The lasting HACU enhancement is the most interesting pharmacological property.
Research chemical — no pharmaceutical-grade product exists. Source from vendors with third-party CoA and HPLC verification. Low doses required, so purity is critical. Sublingual solutions may offer better bioavailability.
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